In der 3. Folge unseres Wissenschaftspodcasts zur Intelligenz beschäftigen wir uns mit "anderen Formen" der Intelligenz: Was ist denn eigentlich soziale Intelligenz, was hat es mit emotionaler Intelligenz auf sich und wie wichtig sind beide für den Berufserfolg? Hier geht's zur Folge: https://denkbar.letscast.fm/episode/003-gibt-es-noch-andere-formen-von-intelligenz-ausser-der-kognitiven
Eine Übersicht über alle bisher erschienen Folgen findet sich hier.
Wir begrüßen Henrike Jungeblut als neue Mitarbeiterin in der Abteilung für Analyse und Modellierung komplexer Daten. Frau Jungeblut hat Psychologie und Neurowissenschaften an den Universitäten Heidelberg und Göttingen studiert. Wir freuen uns sehr, sie als Doktorandin im DFG-Projekt "Neurokognitive Mechanismen individueller Unterschiede in der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit" als Doktorandin begrüßen zu können!
In der Zeitschrift Intelligence ist ein neuer Artikel aus der Arbeitsgruppe erschienen:
Schubert, A.-L., Löffler, C., Wiebel, C., Kaulhausen, F., & Baudson, T. G. (2024). Don’t waste your time measuring intelligence: Further evidence for the validity of a three-minute speeded reasoning test. Intelligence, 102, 101804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2023.101804
Abstract: The rise of large-scale collaborative panel studies has generated a need for fast, reliable, and valid assessments of cognitive abilities. In these studies, a detailed characterization of participants' cognitive abilities is often unnecessary, leading to the selection of tests based on convenience, duration, and feasibility. This often results in the use of abbreviated measures or proxies, potentially compromising their reliability and validity. Here we evaluate the mini-q (Baudson & Preckel, 2016), a three-minute speeded reasoning test, as a brief assessment of general cognitive abilities. The mini-q exhibited excellent reliability (0.96–0.99) and a substantial correlation with general cognitive abilities measured with a comprehensive test battery (r = 0.57; age-corrected r = 0.50), supporting its potential as a brief screening of cognitive abilities. Working memory capacity accounted for the majority (54%) of the association between test performance and general cognitive abilities, whereas individual differences in processing speed did not contribute to this relationship. Our results support the notion that the mini-q can be used as a brief, reliable, and valid assessment of general cognitive abilities. We therefore developed a computer-based version, ensuring its adaptability for large-scale panel studies. The paper- and computer-based versions demonstrated scalar measurement invariance and can therefore be used interchangeably. We provide norm data for young (18 to 30 years) and middle-aged (31 to 60 years) adults and provide recommendations for incorporating the mini-q in panel studies. Additionally, we address potential challenges stemming from language diversity, wide age ranges, and online testing in such studies.
In der Zeitschrift Psychophysiology ist ein neuer Artikel aus der Arbeitsgruppe erschienen:
Sadus, K., Schubert, A.-L., Löffler, C., & Hagemann, D. (2023). An explorative multiverse study for extracting differences in P3 latencies between young and old adults. Psychophysiology, e14459, e14459. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14459
Abstract: It is well established that P3 latencies increase with age. Investigating these age-related differences requires numerous methodological decisions, resulting in pipelines of great variation. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of different analytical pipelines on the age-related differences in P3 latencies in real data. Therefore, we conducted an explorative multiverse study and varied the low-pass filter (4 Hz, 8 Hz, 16 Hz, 32 Hz, and no filter), the latency type (area vs. peak), the level of event-related potential analysis (single participant vs. jackknifing), and the extraction method (manual vs. automated). Thirty young (18–21 years) and 30 old (50–60 years) participants completed three tasks (Nback task, Switching task, Flanker task), while an EEG was recorded. The results show that different analysis strategies can have a tremendous impact on the detection and magnitude of the age effect, with effect sizes ranging from 0% to 88% explained variance. Likewise, regarding the psychometric properties of P3 latencies, we found that the reliabilities fluctuated between rtt = .20 and 1.00, while the homogeneities ranged from rh = −.12 to .90. Based on predefined criteria, we found that the most effective pipelines relied on a manual extraction based on a single participant's data. For peak latencies, manual extraction performed well for all filters except for 4 Hz, while for area latencies, filters above 8 Hz produced desirable results. Furthermore, our findings add to the evidence that jackknifing combined with peak latencies can lead to inconclusive results.
Zusammen mit ihrem Co-Host Artur hat Prof. Dr. Anna-Lena Schubert einen neuen Wissenschafts-Podcast über Intelligenz veröffentlicht: Denkbar. In diesem Podcast werden die beiden in die Welt der Intelligenzforschung eintauchen und laienverständlich erklären, was Intelligenz eigentlich ist, ob und wie man die Intelligenz eigentlich messen kann, was die Wissenschaft über die neurokognitiven Grundlagen der Intelligenz weiß, was Hochbegabung bedeutet, und was menschliche von künstlicher Intelligenz unterscheidet.
Mehr Informationen zum Podcast finden Sie auf der Website https://denkbar.letscast.fm/. Die Folgen erscheinen monatlich auf allen bekannten Podcast-Plattformen. Folgen Sie auch dem Twitter-Account des Podcasts, um als Erste über neue Folgen informiert zu werden: @Denkbar_Podcast
Links zu den Folgen:
In eLife ist ein neuer Artikel aus der Arbeitsgruppe erschienen:
Nebe, S., Reutter, M., Baker, D., Bölte, J., Domes, G., Gamer, M., Gärtner, A., Gießing, C., Mann, C. G. née, Hilger, K., Jawinski, P., Kulke, L., Lischke, A., Markett, S., Meier, M., Merz, C., Popov, T., Puhlmann, L., Quintana, D., Schäfer, T., Schubert, A.-L., Sperl, M. F. J., Vehlen, A., Lonsdorf, T., & Feld, G. (2023). Enhancing precision in human neuroscience. eLife, 12, e85980. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.85980
Abstract: Human neuroscience has always been pushing the boundary of what is measurable. During the last decade, concerns about statistical power and replicability – in science in general, but also specifically in human neuroscience – have fueled an extensive debate. One important insight from this discourse is the need for larger samples, which naturally increases statistical power. An alternative is to increase the precision of measurements, which is the focus of this review. This option is often overlooked, even though statistical power benefits from increasing precision as much as from increasing sample size. Nonetheless, precision has always been at the heart of good scientific practice in human neuroscience, with researchers relying on lab traditions or rules of thumb to ensure sufficient precision for their studies. In this review, we encourage a more systematic approach to precision. We start by introducing measurement precision and its importance for well-powered studies in human neuroscience. Then, determinants for precision in a range of neuroscientific methods (MRI, M/EEG, EDA, Eye-Tracking, and Endocrinology) are elaborated. We end by discussing how a more systematic evaluation of precision and the application of respective insights can lead to an increase in reproducibility in human neuroscience.
Im November 2023 findet erstmalig das Symposium for Individual Differences in Cognition (SIDIC) als Partnerveranstaltung der Jahrestagung der Psychonomic Society statt. SIDIC widmet sich der Kommunikation von Forschungsergebnissen zu individuellen Unterschieden in der Kognition in einem breiten Sinne und bietet der internationalen Gemeinschaft kognitiver Psycholog:innen eine Plattform, um ihre Arbeit zu interindividuellen Unterschieden in mentalen Prozessen, Phänomenen und Fähigkeiten vorzustellen und zu diskutieren. Das Symposium wird ein breites Spektrum von Themenbereichen umfassen, von Wahrnehmung und Aufmerksamkeit bis hin zur Sprachverständnis, schlussfolgerndem Denken und Intelligenz, und es wird eine Kultur der Vielfalt und Inklusion fördern, indem es Beiträge von Forscher:innen in einer frühen Karrierephase sowie von etablierten Wissenschaftler:innen präsentiert.
SIDIC findet am Donnerstag, den 16. November, unmittelbar vor der Jahrestagung der Psychonomic Society, in San Francisco statt. Mehr Informationen zum Symposium finden sich auf der Website (https://caliberlab.wixsite.com/sidic2023) und auf Twitter (@SIDICconference).
In Cognition ist ein neuer Artikel aus der Arbeitsgruppe erschienen:
Schubert, A.-L., Löffler, C., Sadus, K., Göttmann, J., Hein, J., Schröer, P., Teuber, A., & Hagemann, D. (2023). Working memory load affects intelligence test performance by reducing the strength of relational item bindings and impairing the filtering of irrelevant information. Cognition, 236, 105438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105438
Abstract: There is a broad consensus that individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) are strongly related to individual differences in intelligence. However, correlational studies do not allow conclusions about the causal nature of the relationship between WMC and fluid intelligence. While research on the cognitive basis of intelligence typically assumes that simpler lower-level cognitive processes contribute to individual differences in higher-order reasoning processes, a reversed causality or a third variable giving rise to two intrinsically uncorrelated variables may exist. In two studies (n1 = 65, n2 = 113), we investigated the causal nature of the relationship between WMC and intelligence by assessing the experimental effect of working memory load on intelligence test performance. Moreover, we tested if the effect of working memory load on intelligence test performance increased under time constraints, as previous studies have shown that the association between the two constructs increases if intelligence tests are administered with a strict time limit. We show that working memory load impaired intelligence test performance, but that this experimental effect was not affected by time constraints, which suggests that the experimental manipulations of working memory capacity and processing time did not affect the same underlying cognitive process. Using a computational modeling approach, we demonstrated that external memory load affected both the building and maintenance of relational item bindings and the filtering of irrelevant information in working memory. Our results confirm that WMC causally contributes to higher-order reasoning processes. Moreover, they support the hypothesis that working memory capacity in general and the abilities to maintain arbitrary bindings and to disengage from irrelevant information in particular are intrinsically related to intelligence.
In Collabra: Psychology ist ein neuer Artikel aus der Arbeitsgruppe erschienen:
García Alanis, J. C., Strelow, A. E., Dort, M., Christiansen, H., Pinquart, M., & Panitz, C. (2023). Expectation violations, expectation change, and expectation persistence: The scientific landscape as revealed by bibliometric network analyses. Collabra: Psychology, 9(1), 73830. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.73830
Abstract: Expectation violations occur when there is a discrepancy between expected and perceived events or experiences. Often, however, expectations persist despite disconfirming evidence. Therefore, research on expectation violations, expectation change, and expectation persistence has been conducted in several fields of psychology with wide-ranging theoretical assumptions and empirical considerations. In the present review, we analysed how these research fields relate to each other using bibliometric network analyses. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic literature search to identify scientific publications on expectation violations, expectation change, and expectation persistence. The literature corpus was then quantitatively analysed using similarity measures that allow a data-driven classification of publications into groups, revealing their conceptual, theoretical, and empirical commonalities. Our results indicate that many influential publications have focused on finding reactivity measures (e.g., brain activation) to the discrepancy experienced between expectations and outcomes. Furthermore, these measures have been used to assess when and to which degree learning and behavioural adaptation (i.e., expectation change) take place. We discuss the potential application of these measures for understanding expectation violations, expectation change, and expectation persistence in more complex settings (e.g., social interaction). The goal of this review was to foster interdisciplinarity in psychology, enabling scientists and practitioners to identify new topics, promising empirical approaches, and previously neglected variables.
Wir begrüßen Dr. Mareike Hülsemann als neue Mitarbeiterin in der Abteilung für Analyse und Modellierung komplexer Daten. Dr. Hülsemann hat Psychologie an der Universität Trier und Mathematik an der Universität Mainz studiert. 2016 hat sie in Trier zum Thema "The Role of Phase-Amplitude Coupling in the Relationship between Acute Stress and Executive Functions" promoviert und war anschließend als Postdoktorandin an der Universität Fribourg in der Abteilung Kognitive Biopsychologie und Methoden (Prof. Dr. Björn Rasch) tätig. Wir freuen uns sehr, dass sie das Team sowohl in der Forschung als auch in der Lehre verstärken wird.